A Community Building Toolkit for Bay of Plenty, New Zealand: Cultivating Edible Landscapes Together

1. Introduction: Sowing Seeds for Community Resilience

The Vision of Community Food Forests in the Bay of Plenty

Community food forests, also referred to as forest gardens, represent a holistic approach to land management that draws inspiration from natural forest ecosystems.1 Unlike conventional agriculture, which often focuses on monoculture and intensive cultivation, food forests are designed to be diverse, multi-layered systems where edible trees, shrubs, herbs, groundcovers, root crops, and vines coexist in a mutually beneficial environment.2 For the Bay of Plenty region in New Zealand, embracing this model offers a compelling vision for enhancing local food security, fostering community resilience, and contributing to the restoration of landscapes that may have been impacted by intensive agriculture or urban development.6 The principles underpinning food forests align closely with permaculture, a design philosophy centered on creating sustainable human settlements and agricultural systems by mimicking natural ecological patterns.6

Furthermore, the concept of community food forests holds significant cultural relevance for Māori, the indigenous people of Aotearoa New Zealand.6 The practice of cultivating diverse food sources in a way that respects and works with the natural environment echoes the traditional Māori values of kaitiakitanga, which emphasizes guardianship and stewardship of the land, and mahinga kai, the practice of food gathering and cultivation.6 In various parts of New Zealand, Māori communities are at the forefront of reviving ancestral knowledge related to food cultivation and integrating these practices with modern permaculture techniques in community food forest initiatives.6 This provides a unique opportunity for the Bay of Plenty to develop food forests that are not only ecologically sound and socially beneficial but also deeply connected to the cultural heritage of the region.

Benefits of Local, Sustainable Food Systems

Establishing community food forests in the Bay of Plenty can yield a multitude of benefits that extend across environmental, social, and economic dimensions. These edible landscapes can serve as vital sources of fresh, nutritious food for local communities, improving access to healthy kai and potentially reducing the reliance on long and complex supply chains.6 This is particularly significant in areas where access to affordable and culturally appropriate food options might be limited.8 By cultivating a diverse range of crops within the region, communities can also reduce their dependence on imported goods, thereby strengthening local food sovereignty and enhancing resilience to external disruptions in the food system.6

Ecologically, food forests contribute to the creation of valuable habitats for native birds, insects, and other forms of wildlife.3 The layered structure and variety of plant species increase biodiversity, supporting a more robust and balanced local ecosystem.6 Moreover, the dense vegetation and healthy soil in a food forest act as natural carbon sinks, playing a role in mitigating the impacts of climate change, a growing concern for the Bay of Plenty and the world.6 The collaborative nature of developing and maintaining a community food forest fosters stronger social connections among residents, builds community spirit, and creates a shared sense of purpose in working towards a common goal.6

Beyond food production and ecological benefits, community food forests offer rich educational opportunities.6 They can become living classrooms where individuals of all ages can learn about sustainable gardening practices, local plant and animal life, and the principles of environmental stewardship. Furthermore, the skills acquired through involvement in a food forest project, such as propagation, pruning, and harvesting, can potentially lead to economic benefits by fostering local food production, creating opportunities for small-scale businesses, and developing valuable skills within the community.10

How to Use This Toolkit

This toolkit has been developed as a comprehensive resource to guide communities in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand, through the process of establishing and maintaining successful food forests. It is structured to cover all essential stages, from the initial assessment of your site and the design of your edible ecosystem to the ongoing cultivation, community engagement, and securing of resources needed for long-term success. The toolkit is divided into distinct sections, allowing you to navigate directly to the information most relevant to your current stage of project development. Whether you are just beginning to explore the idea of a community food forest or are looking for guidance on specific aspects like plant selection or funding, you will find valuable information within these pages. Remember that creating a thriving food forest is often an iterative journey that requires observation, adaptation, and a strong commitment to community involvement. Encourage participation, share knowledge, and celebrate the collective effort as you work together to cultivate edible landscapes that enhance the resilience and well-being of the Bay of Plenty.

2. Planning Your Food Forest: Design with Nature

Site Assessment and Analysis: Understanding Your Local Environment

Before embarking on the creation of a community food forest, a thorough assessment and analysis of the potential site is crucial for long-term success.2 Understanding the specific characteristics of your local environment in the Bay of Plenty will inform every aspect of your design and plant selection.

Begin by observing the sunlight patterns across your site throughout the day and across the seasons.2 Most food forest plants, especially fruit-bearing species, require at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily to thrive.7 Note which areas receive full sun, partial shade, and full shade, as this will help you determine the most suitable locations for different types of plants.2 In the Bay of Plenty, a north-facing slope with a gentle incline towards the north is often ideal for maximizing sunlight exposure.11 Be sure to consider any existing large trees or buildings on or near the site that might cast significant shadows.7

Next, assess the wind exposure of your site.2 The Bay of Plenty can experience strong winds, particularly in coastal areas, which can damage young or delicate plants.2 Identify the prevailing wind directions and consider incorporating natural windbreaks by utilizing existing mature vegetation if present.2 If natural shelter is lacking, plan to plant fast-growing shelter species such as silver wattle ( Acacia dealbata), tagasaste (Cytisus palmensis), or pittosporum (Pittosporum spp.) early in the establishment process.7 Windbreak fencing can also be an effective option.11 Feijoas (Acca sellowiana) are known for their tolerance to wind and can be used as part of a living windbreak.5

Evaluate the water situation on your site, considering both rainfall and drainage.2 The Bay of Plenty generally receives a relatively high amount of rainfall.14 Therefore, ensuring that your soil drains well is particularly important to prevent waterlogging, which can be detrimental to many food forest plants.2 Observe how well the soil drains after a significant rainfall event and note any areas that tend to stay consistently wet or are prone to bogging or flooding.2 While rainwater harvesting through the use of rainwater tanks or swales can be a sustainable practice 15, exercise caution with swales in high-rainfall regions like much of New Zealand, as they can sometimes lead to waterlogged conditions.7

Understanding your soil type is also essential.2 The Bay of Plenty is renowned for its fertile volcanic soils.14 However, the specific composition of your soil – whether it is sandy, clay-like, loamy, or has a significant pumice content – will influence plant selection and soil management practices.2 Assess the soil depth as well, as some fruit trees require at least three feet of well-drained soil.27 Conducting a soil test will provide valuable information about the soil’s pH and nutrient levels, allowing you to make informed decisions about amendments needed to improve soil health.2 For most fruit trees, an ideal soil pH range is between 6.0 and 7.0.28

Consider the slope and topography of your site.11 Steep slopes can lead to rapid water runoff and soil erosion, while very flat sites might be more susceptible to becoming waterlogged.11 When planning your food forest, consider planting along the contours of the land to help slow water flow and reduce erosion.7 Creating horseshoe-shaped sun traps or planting in groups that are easy to manage (e.g., mow around) can also be beneficial.4 In steeply sloped areas, constructing soil benches can aid in water retention.16

Observe the existing vegetation on your site, noting both native and non-native species.2 Consider how you might integrate or extend any existing native plantings within your food forest design.31 Be aware of the presence of invasive grasses such as kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) or couch grass (Cynodon dactylon), which are common in New Zealand and might require specific strategies for suppression before establishing your food forest.7 Methods like laying down heavy plastic sheeting or double-thick cardboard followed by a thick layer of mulch can be effective for removing these grasses organically over time.7

Finally, create a detailed map of your property to scale.2 This map should illustrate the physical characteristics of your site, including soil zones, climate zones (consider microclimates within your property), waterways, and slope. It should also indicate intrinsic characteristics such as the direction of sunlight and prevailing winds, as well as the location of any existing buildings or other structures.7 Use this map as a working document to plan the different zones and layers of your food forest, as well as potential pathways and gathering areas.7 You might find aerial views or scaled maps available on your local council’s website or through online tools like Google Maps, which can serve as a useful starting point.11

Designing a Multi-Layered Edible Ecosystem: Mimicking Natural Forests

A key principle of food forest design is to mimic the structure and function of natural forest ecosystems.2 This is typically achieved by creating distinct layers of vegetation that work together to create a productive and self-sustaining system.2 A common model involves seven layers:

• Canopy Layer: The uppermost layer consists of tall, mature fruit and nut trees that form the main structure of the food forest.2
• Understory Layer: Below the canopy, smaller trees and large shrubs that can tolerate partial shade occupy this layer, often including dwarf fruit trees and berry bushes.2
• Shrub Layer: This layer is comprised of smaller bushes, such as berry bushes and medium-sized shrubs, which thrive in the filtered light beneath the understory.2
• Herbaceous Layer: This layer includes perennial vegetables, herbs, and groundcovers that grow closer to the ground.2
• Groundcover Layer: The lowest layer features plants that spread horizontally, helping to suppress weeds, retain moisture, and provide habitat for beneficial insects.2
• Root Layer: This underground layer consists of plants grown for their edible roots and tubers.2
• Vine Layer: Climbing plants that utilize existing structures like trees or trellises to grow vertically.2

When designing your food forest, consider zoning your site to optimize resource use and management.7 Zones are areas designated based on how frequently they are accessed and managed. For example, Zone 1 might be the area closest to your community hub, requiring the most intensive management (e.g., annual vegetables), while Zone 5 might be a more wild area requiring minimal intervention.

Another crucial aspect of food forest design is the creation of plant guilds – intentional groupings of plants that benefit each other.7 Guilds can include nitrogen-fixing plants that enrich the soil, plants that attract beneficial insects for pest control, and plants that produce mulch. For instance, legumes like lupins or clover can fix nitrogen, while flowers like borage or phacelia attract pollinators.5 When establishing your food forest, consider using fast-growing support species like tagasaste or alder to provide initial shelter and improve the soil while slower-growing fruit trees establish.5

Careful consideration of plant spacing is essential to prevent overcrowding and ensure that all layers receive adequate sunlight.2 It is generally better to space larger fruit trees 4-5 meters or more apart initially and fill in the spaces with shrubs and herbs.7 This approach allows for sufficient light penetration to the lower layers and can reduce the need for extensive pruning as the forest matures.4 On your site map, you can draw circles representing the mature canopy size of your chosen trees to help visualize spacing and avoid overlap.7

Think about the long-term development of your food forest through succession planning.36 This involves considering the roles of different plant species at various stages of the forest’s growth. You might plant fast-growing “early succession” species to quickly establish shelter and improve the soil, while also incorporating mid- and late-succession species that will become the dominant elements of your mature food forest.37 For example, a fast-growing windbreak of alder might be temporary, eventually being replaced by a longer-term windbreak of nut pines.38

In the early stages of your food forest’s development, you can maximize the use of space by filling the gaps between young perennial plants with annual vegetables such as pumpkins, melons, or salad greens.4 These annual crops can benefit from the open sunlight available before the canopy fully develops and provide an early harvest while the perennial layers mature.

Plant Selection for Abundance: Choosing the Right Species for the Bay of Plenty

Selecting the appropriate plant species is fundamental to the success of your community food forest in the Bay of Plenty. The region’s temperate maritime climate, characterized by mild winters with minimal frost and warm, humid summers, allows for a diverse range of both subtropical and temperate plants to thrive.14 When choosing fruit and nut trees, consider the necessary chill hours for deciduous varieties during the mild winters.14 Suitable options for the canopy and understory layers include avocado, feijoa, citrus (lemon, lime, mandarin – select hardy varieties), tamarillo, macadamia, walnut, apple, pear, plum, and cherry.2 In more sheltered microclimates, you might also consider subtropical options like mango, passionfruit, banana, or cherimoya.2 For smaller urban spaces, dwarf or semi-dwarf varieties of fruit trees can be particularly useful.2 It is always beneficial to consult with local gardeners and nursery experts to identify the varieties best suited to your specific site conditions.5 To extend your harvest season, consider planting early, mid, and late-fruiting varieties of your chosen fruits.52

For the shrub layer, a variety of berry bushes will do well in the Bay of Plenty, including blueberries, raspberries, elderberries, gooseberries, and currants.2 Nitrogen-fixing shrubs like Elaeagnus species are also valuable additions, as are other beneficial shrubs such as roses, butterfly bushes/swan plants, bamboo, and Ugni molinae (NZ cranberry or Chilean guava).2

The herbaceous layer can be abundant with perennial vegetables like asparagus, rhubarb, and artichoke, alongside a wide array of culinary herbs such as rosemary, thyme, oregano, sage, mint, chamomile, and comfrey.2 Comfrey is particularly useful as it can be regularly cut back to provide valuable chop-and-drop mulch for the food forest floor.14

In the groundcover layer, consider planting low-growing species like strawberries, clover (which also fixes nitrogen), creeping thyme, chamomile, nasturtium, ajuga, and various prostrate flowers.4 Clover is a versatile groundcover that also feeds bees and can tolerate mowing.4

The root layer can include nutritious options like yacon, Jerusalem artichoke (be mindful of its tendency to spread), oca, kumara (sweet potato), garlic, onions, and potatoes.2 When selecting root crops, choose shallow-rooted or easy-to-dig varieties to minimize disturbance to the roots of other plants.7

Utilize vertical space by incorporating climbing plants in the vine layer. Good choices for the Bay of Plenty include kiwifruit (ensure a sturdy support structure), grapes (select disease-resistant varieties), passionfruit, hops, and various vining berries.2 You can also include climbing annuals such as squash, cucumbers, and melons for seasonal harvests.7

Consider integrating native edible plants to enhance the ecological value of your food forest by attracting native wildlife and preserving indigenous knowledge.4 Examples include kawakawa (Piper excelsum) for tea and harakeke (Phormium tenax) for its nectar, but always research accurate identification and sustainable harvesting practices.

To support the overall health and productivity of your food forest, include a variety of nitrogen-fixing plants in different layers.4 Options range from canopy trees like alders, locusts, and wattle to sub-canopy trees like tagasaste (tree lucerne), carob, and liquorice, as well as herbal/climbers in the legume family (peas, beans) and groundcovers like clover.4 Kakabeak (Clianthus puniceus) is a beautiful native New Zealand nitrogen fixer that is also attractive to insects and birds.33

Finally, plant flowers that attract pollinators such as bees and butterflies, as well as predatory insects like hoverflies and ladybugs, which help control common garden pests.2 Good choices include lavender, rosemary, yarrow, borage, phacelia, and nasturtium.2

Soil Health: The Foundation of a Thriving Food Forest

Healthy soil is the cornerstone of a successful and low-maintenance community food forest.2 Focus on building soil that is rich in organic matter, as this improves its structure, water retention capacity, and nutrient availability, ultimately leading to more resilient and productive plants.14

Begin by considering a soil test to understand the existing pH and nutrient levels of your site.2 This will help you identify any deficiencies that need to be addressed. As mentioned earlier, a pH range of 6.0 to 7.0 is generally optimal for most fruit trees.28 Soil testing kits are often available at local garden centers or agricultural supply stores.2

A highly effective method for preparing the soil in a food forest is sheet mulching, also known as lasagna gardening.2 This no-dig technique involves layering organic materials directly on top of the existing ground, suppressing weeds, building soil health, and retaining moisture. Start with a layer of cardboard or newspaper (as a carbon source), followed by alternating layers of green materials such as grass clippings, vegetable scraps, and compost (as nitrogen sources). Finish with a thick top layer of mulch like wood chips or straw.2

Incorporating well-rotted compost is also crucial for adding essential nutrients and improving the overall structure of your soil.2 Compost can be sourced locally from community composting initiatives or produced on-site if space allows.88

In areas with poor drainage, consider creating raised beds or incorporating significant amounts of organic matter to improve aeration and prevent waterlogging.2 Ripping the soil can also help to break up compacted layers and improve drainage.16 However, be cautious about creating swales, especially in the Bay of Plenty’s climate, as they can sometimes exacerbate drainage issues in already wet conditions.7

Applying a generous layer of organic mulch around your plants is beneficial in numerous ways.2 Mulch helps to retain soil moisture, suppress weed growth, regulate soil temperature, and as it decomposes, it gradually enriches the soil with nutrients.14 Nature abhors bare soil, and a thick layer of wood chip mulch, in particular, encourages the establishment of beneficial fungi, which are vital for a healthy forest ecosystem.38

Minimize soil disturbance by adopting no-dig gardening practices as much as possible.2 This helps to protect the intricate network of beneficial organisms that live in the soil.

Planting cover crops can also be a valuable strategy for improving soil health and suppressing weeds, especially in areas that are not yet planted with permanent food forest species.11 Leguminous cover crops like lupins and vetch are excellent for fixing nitrogen in the soil, while others like mustard seed and phacelia can help with general soil conditioning.16

Finally, consider inoculating the roots of your fruit and nut trees with mycorrhizal fungi at the time of planting.16 These beneficial fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, effectively increasing their surface area and enhancing the uptake of water and nutrients, which can be particularly helpful in the early establishment phase and can also reduce transplant stress.16

Navigating Local Regulations and Permits in the Bay of Plenty

Before establishing a community food forest in the Bay of Plenty, it is essential to understand and comply with the regulations and permit requirements of your local council. The Bay of Plenty region encompasses several district and city councils, including Tauranga City Council, Rotorua Lakes Council, Whakatane District Council, and Western Bay of Plenty District Council. Each of these councils may have specific policies and bylaws related to community gardens and planting on public land.90

In most cases, councils require community gardens on public land to be initiated and managed by a formal community group or management committee.90 To gain approval, you will likely need to submit a comprehensive written proposal detailing your project plans, including the garden’s purpose, design, management structure, and evidence of consultation with the local community and any potentially affected neighbors.90 Council officers will then assess your proposal based on various criteria, which may include the project’s benefit to the local area, the level of community support, and its alignment with the council’s policies regarding public open spaces.90 If your proposal is approved, you will typically need to enter into a formal agreement with the council, such as a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) or a Licence to Occupy, which outlines the terms and conditions for using the land.90

If you are planning to plant trees or establish a food forest on council-owned or administered land, you will likely need to obtain specific permits or approvals.118 For example, in Tauranga City, any modification to a public tree or its immediate growing environment requires Asset Owner Approval from the council’s Urban Forest team.118 It is advisable to contact the Parks and Recreation or City Operations department of your local council early in the planning process to inquire about the specific requirements and application procedures.101

Be sure to familiarize yourself with any relevant bylaws related to parks and reserves in your district.12 These bylaws may regulate activities such as planting, the removal or pruning of vegetation, and other uses of public spaces. Additionally, be aware of the Bay of Plenty Regional Council’s broader environmental policies, which aim to ensure the sustainable management of the region’s land, water, and biodiversity.50 Depending on the scale and nature of your project, you might also need to determine if any resource consents are required for activities such as significant earthworks or altering drainage patterns.145 Finally, if you plan to use any form of open burning for site preparation or maintenance, be sure to check the fire season regulations in your area and obtain any necessary permits from Fire and Emergency New Zealand.146

3. From Seed to Supper: Establishing Your Food Forest

Preparing the Ground: Essential Steps for Success

Once you have carefully assessed your site and developed a design plan, the next crucial phase is preparing the ground for planting your community food forest. This involves several key steps to ensure a healthy start for your edible ecosystem.

Begin by addressing any existing vegetation, particularly persistent weeds such as kikuyu or couch grass, which are common in New Zealand.7 Organic methods are generally preferred in food forests. One effective approach is to lay down heavy plastic sheeting or a double-thick layer of corrugated cardboard over the area you intend to plant. This smothers the existing vegetation by blocking sunlight and should be left in place for 6-12 months.7 After removal, add a thick layer (20-30cm) of mulch to further suppress weeds and improve soil conditions.7 Alternatively, a sod cutter can be used to remove the existing grass layer, or the ground can be covered with tarps or other light-blocking materials for an extended period of 3-12 months.11 Keep in mind that the type of grass cover present can influence your preparation strategy.16

Following weed removal, focus on improving the soil.2 Amend the soil by incorporating plenty of well-rotted compost and other organic matter. This will enrich the soil with essential nutrients and improve its structure, drainage, and water retention capacity.2 If your site suffers from poor drainage, consider ripping the soil to break up any compacted layers.16 However, as noted earlier, exercise caution with creating swales in the Bay of Plenty’s climate.7

Plan the layout of your food forest, including creating wide paths that are easily accessible for community members, as well as for maintenance tasks like mowing and bringing in mulch or harvesting produce.4 Consider the need for windbreaks and establish these early in the process by planting fast-growing shelter species.7 Depending on your site’s specific needs and topography, you might also consider water management earthworks such as swales (used judiciously), keyline plowing, or the creation of small pocket ponds.11 For steeply sloped areas, creating soil benches can help manage water flow.16

When you are ready to begin planting, it’s generally advisable to prioritize your framework trees first. This includes the canopy layer (tall trees) and the low tree layer (dwarf fruit trees). Once these are in place, you can then proceed with planting the shrubs, herbs, groundcovers, and vines that will form the lower layers of your food forest.11

Planting Techniques for Each Layer of the Forest

Successful establishment of your community food forest relies on employing appropriate planting techniques for each layer of your design. When planting trees, allow adequate spacing to accommodate their mature size and ensure sufficient light reaches the lower layers.2 For most fruit trees, a spacing of 4-5 meters or more is recommended.7 In areas that tend to be shadier, you might consider even wider spacing to maximize light capture.12

The best time to plant in the Bay of Plenty is generally during the spring or autumn when the soil is moist and the weather is mild.2 If you are planting deciduous trees that are bare-rooted (without soil around their roots), winter is often the ideal time for planting.16 Before planting bare root trees, soak their roots in water with a dash of liquid fertilizer for about 15 minutes.27 Dig a planting hole that is twice the diameter of the tree’s root ball and only about 50mm deeper than the depth of the root ball.27 When placing the tree in the hole, ensure that the uppermost roots are just below the soil level.27 For larger trees, particularly in windy locations, use stakes to provide support and prevent rocking of the root system, which can damage young plants.16 After planting, create a generous “doughnut” of compost or well-rotted manure around the base of the tree to provide slow-release nutrients.27 Water the newly planted trees and shrubs thoroughly and regularly, especially during dry periods, until they become well-established.2

Remember to plant in layers, mimicking the structure of a natural forest to maximize the use of space and create a diverse and resilient system.6 Consider planting support species, such as nitrogen-fixing plants and those that attract beneficial insects, in close proximity to your fruit trees to create beneficial guilds.7 After planting, apply a thick layer of organic mulch around all your new plants. This will help to retain soil moisture, suppress weed growth, and regulate soil temperature.2

Creating a Welcoming Space for the Community

A community food forest is not just about growing food; it’s also about creating a welcoming and inclusive space for people to connect with nature and with each other. Consider designing your food forest with accessibility in mind, ensuring that pathways are wide enough and suitable for people of all abilities.4 Think about creating a central gathering area or plaza where community members can meet, socialize, and perhaps even hold educational workshops or celebrations.88

If children are expected to be frequent visitors, consider incorporating kid-friendly elements into the design, such as a designated children’s garden area or interesting features that will engage their curiosity.88 Plan for clear and informative signage throughout the food forest to help people identify plants, understand the project’s goals, and perhaps even provide harvesting guidelines.11

Ensure that there is an easily accessible area designated for storing compost materials and mulch.12 Providing benches or other seating in scenic spots throughout the food forest will offer places for rest and contemplation.12 By thoughtfully designing the space to meet the needs and interests of the community, you can foster a greater sense of shared ownership and encourage more active participation in the project.

4. Cultivating Growth: Maintaining a Flourishing Food Forest

Watering Wisely: Efficient Techniques for the Bay of Plenty Climate

While the Bay of Plenty generally benefits from decent rainfall, implementing wise watering practices is still essential for maintaining a healthy and productive community food forest, especially during drier periods.14 Continue to water your newly planted trees and shrubs regularly, especially during dry spells, for the first few years until they become well-established.2 Once the food forest matures, it should become more drought-tolerant as the diverse plant community creates its own microclimate and improves soil water retention.2

Consider implementing rainwater harvesting techniques to supplement natural rainfall.14 This can involve installing rainwater tanks to collect water from nearby roofs or thoughtfully designing swales to capture and direct rainwater runoff to the root zones of your plants.14 Recycled Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs), if properly sourced and thoroughly cleaned to ensure they previously held non-toxic substances, can be a budget-friendly option for rainwater storage.15

If supplemental watering becomes necessary, especially during prolonged dry periods, drip irrigation can be an efficient method to deliver water directly to the root zone, minimizing evaporation and water waste.14 Applying a thick layer of organic mulch around your plants is another highly effective way to conserve soil moisture, reducing the need for frequent watering.2 Once your food forest is established, select more drought-tolerant plant varieties that are well-suited to the Bay of Plenty’s climate to further reduce your reliance on supplemental irrigation.2 It’s important to monitor the soil moisture regularly and water deeply but less frequently, allowing the soil to dry out slightly between waterings, rather than watering shallowly on a daily basis.14

Weeding Strategies for a Low-Maintenance System

Effective weed management is crucial for the health and productivity of your community food forest, and a well-designed system aims to minimize the need for intensive weeding over time.38 Maintaining a thick layer of organic mulch (such as wood chips, straw, or shredded leaves) around your plants is one of the most effective ways to suppress weed growth.2 Regularly check the mulch layer and replenish it as needed, especially if you start to see weed outbreaks.38

While mulch will significantly reduce weed pressure, some hand-weeding will likely still be necessary, particularly when your food forest is young.2 It’s a good practice to spend some time weeding on a regular basis, especially during the growing season. When weeding, chop and drop annual weeds that do not have seeds back onto the soil as a form of green mulch. However, perennial weeds, weeds that have already produced seeds, and any weed roots should be removed from the site entirely to prevent their spread.38

Encouraging the growth of beneficial groundcovers can also help to suppress weeds and retain soil moisture.4 Consider planting species like clover, strawberries, or creeping thyme, which can effectively cover the soil surface and outcompete many weeds.4 The principle behind this is to occupy all available ecological niches with desirable plants, leaving less space for weeds to establish.33

Employ smart tactics such as interplanting with vigorous species that can outcompete weeds.148 Regularly manage the seedheads of any unwanted plants by slashing them off before they mature and disperse their seeds.148 It’s also worth noting that some plants commonly considered weeds can actually improve the soil or attract beneficial insects.5 For example, cow parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) is known to host hoverflies, which are beneficial predators of pest insects.5

Pruning for Productivity and Health

Pruning is an important ongoing maintenance task in a community food forest, primarily aimed at fruit trees but also relevant for other layers, to ensure productivity, maintain plant health, and improve accessibility.2 Prune your fruit trees as needed to maintain a desirable shape, improve air circulation within the canopy, encourage fruit production, and manage the overall size of the trees.2 It’s important to learn about the specific pruning needs of each type of fruit tree in your food forest, as different species and varieties may have different requirements.2 Heavy pruning in the first few years after planting can help establish a strong framework of branches, which will lead to better fruit production and healthier trees in the future.38 In later years, pruning focuses on maintaining the tree’s size, allowing adequate light to reach lower-growing plants, removing any dead, damaged, or diseased wood, and thinning out branches in areas that are not producing well.38

The timing of pruning can be crucial. Generally, mid to late summer and mid to late winter are good times to prune fruit trees, avoiding periods when the tree is actively producing leaves, flowers, or fruit, as this requires a lot of energy from the tree.149 It’s also best to avoid pruning during autumn when fungal diseases are most active.149 Some general guidelines include pruning stone fruits like peaches, nectarines, plums, and apricots in the summer to help prevent diseases like silverleaf, while pip fruits like apples, pears, nashi, and quince are typically pruned in the winter.61 A general rule of thumb in permaculture is to prune when rainfall exceeds evaporation, as this allows pruned material to break down quickly and feed the soil.151

You may also need to prune other layers of your food forest. For example, berry bushes might require pruning to encourage new growth and fruit production. If you have planted fast-growing trees like alder or tagasaste as temporary windbreaks, these may need to be pruned or eventually removed once your slower-growing, longer-term shelter trees have become established.38 When pruning, also consider accessibility by preventing plants from branching too low to the ground, ensuring clear pathways and easy access to plants in the lower layers.150 Creating a lighter canopy by removing some foliage can also improve light penetration to the ground layer, benefiting the growth of plants below.150

Natural Pest and Disease Management

In a community food forest, the goal for pest and disease management is to create a balanced ecosystem where natural controls minimize the need for interventions.2 Encourage the presence of beneficial insects by planting a variety of flowers that attract pollinators and predatory insects.2 For example, flowers like lavender, rosemary, yarrow, borage, and phacelia are known to attract beneficials.2

Utilize companion planting strategies by placing certain plant species together that can deter pests or attract beneficial insects.2 When selecting plants for your food forest, opt for varieties that are known for their resistance to common pests and diseases in the Bay of Plenty region.2 Regularly monitor your plants for any early signs of pest infestations or diseases and address them promptly using organic methods if necessary.2 Avoid using broad-spectrum pesticides, as these can harm beneficial organisms as well as pests.14

A healthy and diverse food forest ecosystem is naturally more resilient to pest and disease problems.2 Encourage the presence of wildlife, such as birds and insects, which can act as natural pest control agents.3 For instance, cabbage trees (Cordyline australis) attract starlings, which eat caterpillars, and cow parsley hosts hoverflies that feed on pest insects.5 If you are experiencing issues with larger pests like deer, consider using physical barriers such as wire guards around young trees.52

The Joy of Harvesting: Sharing the Bounty

Harvesting the fruits, nuts, herbs, and vegetables from your community food forest is a rewarding experience and a time to share the abundance with the community.38 Learn about the optimal time to harvest each type of plant in your food forest to ensure the best flavor and potential for storage.2 Consider organizing regular harvest events where community members can come together to pick and share the produce.53 This fosters a sense of collective ownership and ensures that the food is distributed among those who have contributed to the garden’s success.

Allow some of your plants to flower and go to seed. This not only supports pollinators but also provides seeds for future planting, contributing to the long-term sustainability of the food forest.38 If your food forest yields an excess of certain crops, plan for ways to utilize this bounty to benefit the wider community. This might involve donating produce to local food banks, organizing community meals, or teaching preservation techniques like canning or drying.153

Continuously observe your food forest throughout the harvesting season and adapt your practices as needed.2 Note which plants are producing well and when they are typically ready for harvest. Share this knowledge with other community members to build collective understanding and appreciation for the rhythms of the food forest.

5. Building a Strong Root System: Engaging Your Community

Reaching Out and Inspiring Participation

The success of a community food forest hinges on the active engagement and participation of community members.8 From the outset, it is crucial to consult with potentially affected neighbors and the wider community during the planning phase to gather input and address any concerns.90 To attract members and volunteers, utilize various channels for advertising and promotion, such as local newsletters, community Facebook groups, public bulletin boards, and simply spreading the word through personal networks.93

Arrange an initial meeting to share the vision for the food forest, explain its potential benefits, and gauge the level of interest within the community.93 When promoting the project, emphasize the diverse advantages of participating, including access to fresh and nutritious food, opportunities for learning new skills, the chance to connect with others, and the satisfaction of contributing to a meaningful environmental initiative.6 Seek out potential partnerships with local schools, businesses, and non-profit organizations, as these collaborations can provide valuable resources, expertise, and additional volunteers.53

Organizing Effective and Enjoyable Workdays

Regular community workdays are essential for establishing and maintaining the food forest, and making these experiences effective and enjoyable will encourage consistent volunteer participation.88 Ensure clear communication about the schedule, specific tasks that need to be done, and any items volunteers should bring (e.g., gloves, tools, water bottles).161 Offer a variety of tasks to accommodate different abilities and interests, such as planting, weeding, mulching, harvesting, and building simple structures.53

Create a friendly and welcoming atmosphere during workdays. Consider providing shared meals or refreshments, as this offers an opportunity for volunteers to socialize and build camaraderie.88 Before starting any work, conduct a brief safety briefing to ensure everyone is aware of potential hazards and safe work practices. Establishing a regular schedule for workdays, such as weekly or monthly sessions, can help volunteers plan their time and make a consistent commitment.97 Offer flexibility in terms of commitment levels, recognizing that some individuals might be able to volunteer regularly while others may only be available for specific projects or episodic workdays.161

Fostering Shared Leadership and Ownership

For a community food forest to thrive in the long term, it is vital to foster a sense of shared leadership and ownership among its members.162 Establish a management committee with clearly defined roles and responsibilities to oversee the project’s direction and day-to-day operations.90 Actively involve community members in the decision-making processes related to the food forest’s design, activities, and future development.164 Clearly communicate expectations for participation and encourage everyone to take shared responsibility for the garden’s upkeep and success.93 Regularly acknowledge and celebrate the achievements and contributions of all volunteers and stakeholders to foster a sense of pride and ownership in the project.164 Strive to create an inclusive environment where every member feels valued, respected, and has a vested interest in the food forest’s long-term health and productivity.163

Communication and Collaboration Strategies

Effective communication and strong collaborative relationships are the lifeblood of a successful community food forest.162 Provide regular updates on the project’s progress, upcoming workdays, harvests, and any important news through various channels such as email lists, social media platforms, and community meetings.153 Hold open forums or discussions to gather feedback, address concerns, and ensure that community members feel heard and valued.168 Building trust through transparent communication and by actively responding to community input is essential for fostering a strong and engaged membership.165 Create opportunities for networking and knowledge sharing among community members, allowing them to learn from each other’s experiences and build stronger relationships.162 Cultivate strong partnerships with local organizations, businesses, and agencies, as these collaborations can provide valuable resources, expertise, and ongoing support for your food forest project.95

6. Sharing the Knowledge: Education and Empowerment

Developing Informative and Accessible Educational Materials

To empower community members to actively participate in your food forest project, it is essential to develop informative and easily accessible educational materials.1 Consider creating step-by-step guides or handbooks on various aspects of food forest establishment and maintenance, tailored specifically to the climate and conditions of the Bay of Plenty.1 Compile comprehensive lists of suitable plant species for each layer of the food forest, including notes on their specific benefits (e.g., edible, nitrogen-fixing, attracts pollinators, shade tolerant) and any special considerations for growing them in the region.2 Develop concise fact sheets that focus on specific topics such as soil preparation techniques, pruning guidelines for different types of plants, natural methods for pest and disease control, and best practices for harvesting various crops.

Utilize visual aids such as diagrams, illustrations, and photographs to make the information more engaging and easier to understand.2 Consider creating an online resource, such as a website or a dedicated section on a community platform, where you can share these materials and other relevant information about your food forest project.173 Making these resources freely available online will ensure that they are easily accessible to all community members, regardless of their prior gardening experience.

Designing Engaging Workshops for All Skill Levels

Organizing engaging workshops is another effective way to educate community members and build their capacity to contribute to the food forest.160 Consider offering a range of workshops that cater to different skill levels and interests. Introductory workshops can cover the fundamental concepts of food forests, permaculture principles, and how these apply specifically to the Bay of Plenty region.175 Hands-on workshops can provide practical experience in essential tasks such as site preparation, planting different types of plants, pruning techniques, and various maintenance activities.160 You might also offer more specialized workshops focusing on specific topics like plant propagation from cuttings or seeds, seed saving techniques, identifying and managing common pests and diseases using natural methods, or the best ways to harvest and utilize the produce from the food forest.133

Consider inviting local experts on sustainable gardening, native plants of the Bay of Plenty, or permaculture design to lead some of your workshops.53 This can bring valuable specialized knowledge to your community. Encourage experienced gardeners within your own community to share their skills and insights by leading workshops or demonstrations on topics they are passionate about.53 It’s also beneficial to design workshops that are tailored to different age groups, including engaging activities specifically for children and youth to foster an early connection with nature and sustainable food systems.10

Building a Culture of Learning and Sharing

Beyond formal workshops and educational materials, cultivate a culture of continuous learning and knowledge sharing within your community food forest.8 Consider establishing mentorship programs where more experienced gardeners can be paired with newcomers to provide guidance and support.153 Organize regular seed and plant swap events, allowing community members to exchange seeds and plants they have grown, further increasing the diversity within the food forest and sharing valuable resources.155

Integrate educational elements into your community workdays. For example, you could take a few minutes during a workday to demonstrate a particular pruning technique or discuss the benefits of a specific companion plant. Encourage community members to share their own recipes and tips for using the produce harvested from the food forest.8 Organizing tours of established community food forests in the Bay of Plenty or nearby regions can provide inspiration and valuable learning opportunities by showcasing different designs and successful strategies.88 By fostering a supportive and collaborative environment where learning and sharing are encouraged, you can build a more resilient and engaged community around your food forest project.

7. Nourishing the Project: Finding Funding and Resources

Exploring Local Funding Opportunities in the Bay of Plenty

Securing adequate funding and resources is essential for the successful establishment and long-term sustainability of a community food forest in the Bay of Plenty. Fortunately, the region offers a range of local funding opportunities that community groups can explore.

Tauranga City Council provides several grant options, including the Community Grant Fund, which supports community-led initiatives, and the Community Development Match Fund, which offers dollar-for-dollar matching funds for community projects up to a certain limit.180 The council also has a Climate Action Fund that supports community-led initiatives contributing to the city’s climate goals.190

Rotorua Lakes Council offers a Community Matching Fund designed to support self-help volunteer-based projects that build stronger and healthier communities.191

Whakatane District Council has various community grant schemes, including a general Community Grants fund, a Community Board Fund for local initiatives within specific board areas, and a Community Matching Fund that supports not-for-profit organizations working for the benefit of the community.201

Western Bay of Plenty District Council offers a Community Matching Fund, which includes a specific environmental fund for projects associated with the natural environment, providing grants to not-for-profit community groups.207

BayTrust is a regional community trust that provides funding to support projects that benefit communities and the environment in the Bay of Plenty, offering both smaller community support grants and larger strategic funding opportunities.144

Tauranga Energy Consumer Trust (TECT) also offers funding through its Community Development Fund, Community Facilities Fund, and Community Events Fund, supporting projects that benefit the Tauranga and Western Bay of Plenty regions.187

The Acorn Foundation serves as a local donation manager for The Tindall Foundation in the Bay of Plenty, distributing funds to community initiatives.213 Additionally, Trust Horizon provides community grants for energy-related projects throughout the Eastern Bay of Plenty region.215

National Grants and Funding Bodies for Environmental Initiatives

In addition to local funding sources, there are several national grants and funding bodies in New Zealand that support community-led environmental projects, including food forests.210

The Lottery Environment and Heritage Committee provides grants for plans, reports, and one-off projects that aim to protect, conserve, and promote New Zealand’s natural, cultural, and physical heritage.210 The Department of Conservation (DOC) Community Fund supports practical, on-the-ground projects that maintain and restore the diversity of New Zealand’s natural heritage on both public and private land.210 WWF-New Zealand’s Community Conservation Fund supports community and educational groups running projects that conserve and restore New Zealand’s natural environments and native species.210

The Ministry for the Environment offers various funding streams, including the Community Environment Fund, which empowers New Zealanders to take environmental action, the Essential Freshwater Fund, which supports waterway restoration and protection, and the Waste Minimisation Fund, which focuses on reducing waste to landfill.210 Predator Free NZ Trust provides funding and grants for organizations supporting predator control projects across the country, which can be relevant for protecting young food forest plants.216

The Community Organisation Grants Scheme (COGS) provides government funding to support voluntary and not-for-profit organizations working in local communities and neighborhoods, and this funding can sometimes be used for community garden initiatives.224 The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) offers funding through Sustainable Food and Fibre Futures for innovative projects across the food and fibre sectors, which might include community food forests with a strong focus on sustainable practices.225 MPI also manages the One Billion Trees Fund, which supports landowners, organizations, and communities wanting to plant trees or revert land to native forest.217 Finally, the Bupa Foundation Community Grants Program provides funding to community organizations across New Zealand that contribute positively to mentally healthy and sustainable societies, which could align with the goals of a community food forest.226

Leveraging Community Resources and In-Kind Support

Beyond seeking formal grants, explore the wealth of resources and in-kind support that your own community can offer.93 Volunteer labor is an invaluable asset, and recognizing and valuing the contributions of community members who dedicate their time and effort to the food forest is crucial.93 Reach out to local businesses and individuals to seek donations of materials such as plants, seeds, tools, compost, mulch, and even building materials for structures like raised beds or seating.153 You might also find professionals within your community, such as landscape designers, arborists, or builders, who are willing to offer their services on a pro bono or discounted basis.

Consider organizing community events specifically for fundraising purposes. These could include plant sales, workshops with a small fee, or even larger community gatherings that raise awareness and funds for the food forest project.153 By tapping into the diverse skills and resources within your community, you can significantly reduce the overall financial burden of establishing and maintaining your food forest.

Tips for Successful Fundraising

To increase your chances of securing funding for your community food forest, it’s important to approach fundraising strategically. Clearly define the goals and anticipated outcomes of your project.32 Develop a strong and compelling proposal that articulates your project’s vision, highlights its benefits to the community and the environment, and clearly outlines how the funds will be used.90 When researching potential funders, carefully identify those whose priorities and funding focus align with the goals of your food forest project.180 Building partnerships with other community organizations and demonstrating strong community support for your initiative can also significantly strengthen your funding applications.90 Prepare a realistic and detailed budget that clearly outlines all anticipated expenses.212 Be meticulous about meeting all application deadlines 180 and ensure that you understand and are prepared to meet any reporting and accountability requirements associated with the funding.180 It’s often beneficial to explore multiple funding sources rather than relying on a single grant.210 Don’t hesitate to seek advice and support from experienced grant writers or community funding advisors who can provide guidance throughout the application process.217

8. Learning from Others: Successful Community Food Forest Initiatives in New Zealand

Case Studies from Across the Country

Across New Zealand, numerous inspiring community food forest initiatives offer valuable lessons and best practices for those looking to establish similar projects in the Bay of Plenty. In Canterbury, The Food Forest Project in Christchurch has transformed a vacant lot into a thriving edible landscape with over 200 plant species, serving as a living classroom and a source of fresh produce for the local community.6 The Kōanga Institute in Hawke’s Bay is home to one of New Zealand’s oldest food forests, established in the 1980s, showcasing a diverse range of fruit trees, berries, and medicinal plants grown using organic and regenerative practices.6 In Auckland, the Sanctuary Mahi Whenua at Unitec has the city’s first multi-layered food forest, established in 1999, which now boasts over 120 different tree species and numerous edible understory plants.3 The Waihi Academy of Studies has developed a food forest on land previously used for maize production, demonstrating how to transition from conventional agriculture to a more sustainable system with the help of volunteers and a focus on organic principles.88 Also in Auckland, Papatūānuku Kōkiri Marae has established an urban food forest using syntropic agroforestry techniques, aiming to provide healthy kai, reconnect people with the land, and offer solutions to climate change.8 In the Waikato region, the Te Awamutu Community Food Forest project has been actively involving the local community in planting fruit trees on public land, with the produce available for anyone in need.153 The Kawerau Urban Food Forest in the Bay of Plenty itself is a community project establishing a forest of food-bearing trees, shrubs, and vines over two hectares, with a strong emphasis on education and access to healthy options.10 Molley Green Reserve in Auckland has been transformed into a community-led food forest, aiming to cultivate ongoing sharing of cultural food knowledge and connect the community.157 Finally, the Riverton Food Forest in Southland is another long-standing example, featuring over 90 heritage apple varieties and numerous other edible plants.3

Spotlight on Projects in the Bay of Plenty Region

Within the Bay of Plenty, several community food forest and garden initiatives are already making a positive impact. Brett’s Omanawa Food Forest in Tauranga is a notable example of a thriving edible ecosystem in the region.175 Kriso’s Food Forest in Te Puke showcases the principles of syntropic agroforestry in a local context.156 The Food Forests Tauranga group is a vibrant community of individuals passionate about growing food forests of all sizes, dedicated to sharing local knowledge and experiences.155 Kaharoa School in Rotorua has developed an exciting new food forest project as a joint venture between the school, Kai Rotorua, and Backyard Paradise, providing a hands-on learning environment for students.159 Good Neighbour operates community gardens in Bethlehem, Otumoetai, and Welcome Bay in Tauranga, growing food to share and teaching people how to grow their own.95 Finally, Waihi Beach has a Matariki-inspired community garden designed around the nine stars of the Māori lunar calendar, focusing on food security and preserving indigenous food knowledge.232

Key Lessons and Best Practices

Learning from these successful initiatives reveals several key lessons and best practices for establishing a thriving community food forest in the Bay of Plenty. It is often advisable to start small with a manageable area and gradually expand as your community group gains experience and capacity.2 Prioritizing community involvement and fostering a strong sense of shared ownership from the beginning is crucial for long-term engagement and sustainability.8 Design your food forest with careful consideration of the local climate and specific site conditions, selecting plant species that are well-suited to the Bay of Plenty.14 Focus on building healthy soil through organic methods, as this is the foundation of a resilient and productive ecosystem.2 Embrace the use of perennial plants as much as possible to create a low-maintenance system that provides ongoing yields.14 Seek out partnerships and collaborations with other community groups, local councils, and relevant organizations to leverage resources and expertise.53 Be prepared to be patient, as a food forest takes time to mature and become fully productive, and be willing to adapt your management strategies as you observe how the system evolves.2 Finally, make sure to share knowledge, celebrate your successes, and foster a supportive learning environment within your community.8

9. Troubleshooting and Sustaining Success

Anticipating Potential Challenges and Solutions

Even with careful planning, community food forest projects can encounter challenges. Anticipating these potential issues and having solutions in mind can help ensure the long-term success of your initiative. One common challenge is volunteer burnout. To mitigate this, rotate tasks among volunteers, provide regular recognition for their contributions, and foster a supportive and enjoyable environment.161 Pest and disease outbreaks can occur. Implement natural management strategies, choose plant varieties known for their resistance, and maintain a high level of plant diversity to build resilience.2 Funding shortfalls are another potential hurdle. Develop a diversified funding strategy that includes seeking grants from various sources, exploring in-kind donations, and organizing community fundraising events.210 Weed pressure can be persistent. Maintain consistent mulching practices, establish effective groundcovers, and organize regular weeding sessions.2 If you experience a lack of community engagement, try proactive outreach, clearly highlighting the benefits of participation, and organizing enjoyable and inclusive activities.93 Navigating local regulations can sometimes be challenging. Engage with your local council early in the process, thoroughly understand their requirements, and strive to build a positive and collaborative relationship.90 Soil degradation can become an issue over time if not managed properly. Implement soil health practices such as regular composting, planting cover crops, and minimizing soil disturbance through no-dig gardening techniques.2 Unfortunately, theft or vandalism can sometimes occur in community spaces. Consider options such as installing fencing, increasing community involvement and a sense of ownership, and potentially implementing security measures if necessary.158

Strategies for Long-Term Sustainability and Resilience

To ensure the long-term sustainability and resilience of your community food forest in the Bay of Plenty, several key strategies should be considered. Develop a plan for leadership succession within your community group to ensure a continuous flow of engaged individuals taking on leadership roles.161 Maintain a high level of plant diversity within your food forest. This will create a more resilient ecosystem that is better able to withstand environmental changes, pest pressures, and diseases.2 Cultivate strong and lasting partnerships with other community organizations, local businesses, and relevant agencies to ensure ongoing support and access to resources.53 Establish clear governance structures and decision-making processes within your community group to ensure efficient and equitable management.90 Regularly review the performance of your food forest, assess what is working well and what needs improvement, and be willing to adapt your management strategies over time based on your observations and community feedback.2 Finally, consider incorporating seed saving and plant propagation practices within your food forest project to ensure a sustainable source of plants for the future and to further enhance the community’s skills and self-reliance.11

10. Resources and Further Exploration

Useful Websites, Books, and Organizations

For those in the Bay of Plenty interested in learning more about community food forests, the following resources may be helpful:

• Websites:

• Food Forests NZ: 173
• Permaculture New Zealand: 245
• Grow Well: 246
• Community Gardens Aotearoa New Zealand: 246

• Books:

• Edible Forest Gardens by Dave Jacke and Eric Toensmeier
• Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture by Toby Hemenway
• Creating a Forest Garden: Working with Nature for Sustainable Food Production by Martin Crawford

• Organizations:

• Local permaculture groups in the Bay of Plenty (search online for local groups)
• Community garden networks (e.g., 246)
• Envirohub Bay of Plenty: 177

Local Plant Nurseries and Suppliers

When sourcing plants for your food forest in the Bay of Plenty, consider these local nurseries:

• Naturally Native (Tauranga) 129
• Wholesale Plants Tauranga 62
• \

These resources and suppliers can provide valuable information, plant material, and support as you embark on your community food forest journey in the Bay of Plenty.

Works cited

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